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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of this queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others might farther moult to become soldiers or alates.
Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are both diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, both male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
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The entire life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and go through a series of moults as they grow.
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but workers also get involved in the social life of the colony and also have certain different activities to achieve such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than workers, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased levels of damage seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.
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For instance, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while others emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with plenty of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind informative post speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the bigger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At adulthood, a primary queen has a fantastic capacity to lay eggs. In certain species, the adult queen has a greatly distended abdomen and might create 40,000 eggs a day.72 Both adult ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times more than prior to mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant workers offer assistance. .
The king develops only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to mate with the queen for life (a termite queen can survive between additional hints 30Â to 50Â years); this is very different from ant colonies, in that a queen mates once together with the male(s) and stores the gametes for lifetime, as the male ants die shortly after mating.6267 When a queen is absent, a termite king generates pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.74 As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not occur.75.
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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the road to becoming alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only grow into main reproductives upon the passing of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated out of the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the ability to replace a deceased primary reproductive, and there can also be more than just a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the ability to switch from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.